Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois

W.E.B. Du Bois is mentioned several times in this chapter (I'm referencing p. 409). At the time of this writing he was dead. He died in 1963, the year before Malcolm X traveled to Ghana where his widow lived. Du Bois was one of the great black leaders of the first half of the 20th century in the US. He moved to Ghana for a research project and became a citizen of that country in 1963. The references to "ex-patriots" in the book are other black Americans who moved there. Ghana was a socialist govt. and a major proponent of pan-Africanism in the 1950s and '60s. Du Bois is often juxtaposed against Booker T. Washington (much as Malcolm X is juxtaposed against Martin Luther King, Jr.). Du Bois was a much more liberal and radical writer on African American civil rights that Washington who was conservative.